Functional Skills

Functional Skills Functional skills are qualifications in English, maths and ICT that  equip learners with the basic practical skills required in everyday life, education and the workplace. To ensure that Functional skills are assessable to all learners they are available at Entry Level 1 through to Level 2. Employers are crying out for workers with sound Functional Skills – they are essential skills that are genuinely in demand. With good Functional Skills your students will have the ability to draw on a bank of transferable skills to help them succeed in all areas of life.Functional skills where introduced due to the Wolf Report to replace the old key skills as a result of a gap in skills whichThe Secretary of State for Education commissioned Professor Alison Wolf of King’s College London to carry out an independent review of vocational education. She was asked to consider how vocational education for 14- to 19-year-olds can be improved  in order to  promote suc cessful progression into the labour market and into higher level education and training routes.She was also asked to provide practical recommendations to help inform future policy direction, taking into account current financial constraints. The review has been informed by over 400 pieces of evidence from the public, a number of visits to colleges, academies and training providers, and interviews and discussion sessions with key partners in the sector. Alison Wolf comments in FAQ’s in edexel. com that , â€Å"Functional Skills pass rates are lower than Key Skills pass rates.This is still true post-pilot, and on one level may be due to this being a new qualification. However, rather than having negative connotations, this proves that standards are higher and a more legitimate marker of quality (cross-reference Key Skills where the pass rate is almost 100%). Functional Skills are challenging, worthwhile qualifications, denoting a marker of student excellence FAQs – Func tional Skills and the Wolf Report – Edexcelwww. edexcel. comFunctional skills ran as a three year pilot scheme from Sept 2007 and was officially rolled out nationally in Sept 2010 We use basic skills on a daily basis – while driving a car, cooking, making purchases, supporting our children in schoolwork. These daily tasks may present challenges for adult literacy learners, because they incorporate skills from a variety of academic areas – when driving you must read street signs very quickly; when cooking you use measuring tools or calculate with fractions.Yet some learners may state, â€Å"I don’t read much,† or â€Å"I never use math. † Teachers can help learners make connections between what they are learning in class and every-day functional skills by the contextualization of instruction. The 3 functional skills are MATHS Functional maths is what we use every day e. g counting money, calculating shopping bills basic money management addin g these childrens dinner money ? 2. 00 per day x 5 Days a week = ? 10, measuring area etc for carpets , wallpaper, cooking we weigh and measure ingredients.ICT Functional ict is everyday uses including online banking , paying household bills , renewing car insurance , online shopping and searching for best deals , reading e mails, texting friends ENGLISH Functional English is everyday tasks such as writing a shopping list , reading the mail reading the newspaper, reading the road signs when driving, checking shopping purchases on receipts, using e mail reading and replying. holding an everyday conversation requires speaking and listening skills. The delivery of Functional Skills should be embedded into all curriculum areas by using contextualized teaching materials, In my area of Art I can incorporate and plan functional skills in sessions by †¢ Maths , in art learners regularly use ratio to mix art materials , e. g paint and water 2-1, mixing plaster of paris 3-1 measuring dim ensions for drawing patterns e. g dividing a canvas in half or into four requires an overall measurement and then divided by 2 for half or 4 for quarters and so on. English, in art learners have to read to understand e. g study of an artist , YP read a biography of the artist and pick out relevant key points and write them down, so using sentence formation , punctuation . listening is a skill , to follow instructions in art either verbally or from a list which is used in making a clay pot , or plaster mould. †¢ ICT in art , learners use ict to find images , so using a google search , also knowing their way around a website to find relevant images or information.Usually images are printed and formatted to their specifications for tasks , so printing knowledge is used also saving work to relevant files are all everyday ict skills we use in day to day life and work How functional skills are implemented and supported in my organisation We are a small education setting with up to 30 YP at any time so I think we have a thorough pathway for YP Learners are assessed when they arrive at Aycliffe before entering education by the online goal assessment which gives a clear score on maths and English ability they are broken down into separate curriculum areas e. spelling , punctuation , number sequencing, adding , subtracting so can clearly give a good assessment for extra support regarding functional skills across the curriculum The senco then highlights areas for concern and distributes Strategy sheets to teaching staff and relevant support staff these give an indication of hints and tips useful in teaching a particular identified need in a student.Provision mapping and planning sheets are used to track continual level of need and progress, In Aycliffe secure centre we also use for identified pupils a computer programme called Successmaker which is has numeracy and literacy programmes aimed at all levels this is an excellent tool to boost the attainment in functiona l skills as learners are supervised on a 1-1 basis by teaching and support staff, and Successmaker shows a clear improvement and highlights areas for extra need.In our establishment the most level of need is in reading and we use SRA reading scheme which has 4 levels and the learners are assessed and placed in appropriate groups , we also have journal reading groups which are for competent readers which concentrate on reading own material and reviewing and understanding text. We also run an individualised Life Skills Programme , through assessment YP work through a life skills programme which offers a cross curricular array of Functional / Life skills from making a bed , budgeting and shopping for a healthy meal, booking a train ticket to accessing further education in their communities.

French and Indian War Essay

The French colonies were situated in Canada and their trade and influence reached as far as the Mississippi River. The English colonies were located on the east coast of the Americas. The Appalachian Mountains separated both types of European colonies so there was elbow room for both. Flames began to ignite when war between the mother countries of England and France broke out. Tensions increased when trading and rivalry between two colonies increased. Soon war broke out and it became known as the French and Indian War. Both sides had advantages and disadvantages and there were many lasting effects. The British colonies began to lose in the beginning for many reasons. The colonies were disorganized and many jealousies and disputes arose among them. In addition the colonies’ governors quarreled with their assemblies. The colonies saw themselves, at the time, as trading economic colonies, not an empire or nation. There was no need or want for a military and military organization. The British colonies were unfit to carry out an offensive war. Victory was meek for the colonies but courageous, fearless and heroic generals like Pitt, Amherst, and Wolf helped turn the tide for the British. In addition they began to attack cities instead of forts. The British colonies soon won the war with the Treaty of Paris. The French were incredible and favored victors at the beginning of the war in the Americas. They had a centralized military organization, skillful leaders who ruled with absolute authority, and soldiers inured to war. Of 10 major battles, France won a majority of them. Their location was good. Canada was fortified with vast outworks of defense in the forests, marshes and mountains. They had the help of the Indians who knew the land far better than any European. In Europe, the tide turned for France and soon so did too in the Americas. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The details of the treaty provide lasting effects. French power was completely thrown off the continent. However, the French were allowed to retain several islands in the West Indies. France gave Britain all lands east of the Mississippi River allowing the number of frontiers to increase. Spain gave Britain Florida. With all these territorial gains, it paved the road for the British colonies to expand. They soon declared independence from Britain and became America. Americans soon followed â€Å"Manifest Destiny† and America is now what we see as today.

Extended Definition Essay: Professional Dog Breeder

Student Instructor ENG 101 9 November 2011 Professional Dog Breeder A definition for the title â€Å"professional dog breeder† is not found in any dictionary nor are there any established laws that regulate the breeding of dogs, only the housing and feeding of them. Dog breeder most commonly calls up all manner of horrific images mass-produced by broadcast news and talk show commentators to depict starving, filthy, dying dogs and puppies caged in tiny wire pens. People do not realize the negative mental outlook this misconception attaches to all breeders nor do they realize that these dog breeders are not only cruel but breaking the only basic laws that regulate the business. It is evident there is a cavernous gap between a good professional breeder and a backyard breeder concerning the quality of dogs bred and the care provided for them. In fact, a good professional dog breeder will do everything in his or her power to insure the prospective owner receives a genetically healthy puppy with the highest quality bloodlines. Being a dog breeder does not automatically make a person a cruel or inhumane pet owner. The definition of a good â€Å"professional dog breeder† is an individual that will have every dog genetically tested to insure only the best are used for breeding, will be meticulously dedicated to improving bloodlines, and will strive to match each puppy to the lifestyle of the prospective owner. One of the first definitions for the title â€Å"professional dog breeder† will be someone aware of the genetic issues prominent for his or her specific breed and will have certified genetic testing completed to prevent these faults from being passed to future generations. Genetic testing is vital to the professional breeder that prefers to sell based on his or her good reputation. In addition, genetic testing on adult dogs will greatly increase the percentage of high quality, genetically sound puppies being produced. Genetic testing on the ears, eyes, and teeth can be certified by any veterinary during a well-puppy visit done between five and seven weeks of age. Therefore, professional breeders have testing performed on the eyes and ears as a courtesy more than a genetic concern. Testing preformed on teeth will be slightly more involved and presents a larger concern because the occasional baby tooth has to be surgically removed to insure the bite pattern is smooth and even. More advanced genetic testing, such as for luxating patella (congenital structural deformity of the knee) and testing on cardiac function, are serious and more involved. Results have to be mailed to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, where test results are recorded to their database. Prospective owners have the ability to view certification and testing results at their convenience. Likewise, a professional breeder will have genetic DNA test results registered with the American Kennel Club for any male old enough to sire a litter. Indeed, the genetic results from the DNA can be invaluable if there is an issue involving proof of parentage. A professional breeder will be very diligent about keeping all test results up to date and posted on the proper canine data research boards. The professional breeder will strive to produce genetically sound puppies that new owners will be proud to own. No professional breeder would ever breed two dogs of questionable genetics because the puppies would be the ones to suffer. Another definition for the title â€Å"professional dog breeder† is an individual meticulously dedicated to improving the bloodlines for any future puppies they hope to produce. The AKC has very distinct guidelines for the ideal representative of each breed. The AKC is the established authority on all things dog related, the AKC rules and regulations are the basis and final word for all breeding, testing and showing. To produce the best quality, needs the true and proven bloodlines of the older Champion dogs. Many of the great old name bloodline sires passed without any offspring to carry their grandeur into future generations. A professional breeder will research and locate these wonderful old bloodlines that may still be available. The professional breeder has a relentless desire to find the perfect male to mate with his or her female to produce puppies with the greatest bloodlines possible. This process involves many hours of research comparing pedigrees to find the ideal bloodlines. As a result, professional breeders will prefer breeding privileges to the older Champion males for the simple fact they may be the only remaining prodigy from a highly desired bloodline. Consequently, the breeding between the prized male and prospective female may require months of planning. The breeder spends hours trying to determine the advantages based on each dog according to size, body shape, and coat length. Professional breeders will wait months and drive ours to procure the breeding rights to a perfect male for their female. The dreams of a lifetime may be the result of crossing two exceptional bloodlines. Lastly, a definition for the title â€Å"professional dog breeder† will be an individual that strives to match the personalities of the puppies to the personalities and lifestyles of the prospective owners. This may sound like a very easy thing to accomplish, when in fact it requires a great deal of effort. A professional breeder will desire for his or her puppy to become part of a wonderful home. It is the responsibility of the professional breeder to ensure his or her puppy is matched with the best human family. For example, a large puppy will be a match made in heaven for a family with several rowdy children. A professional breeder will allow the robust, out-going, much larger puppy to play with the children. In turn, this will allow the parents to see how well the larger puppy responds to children. This puppy will be very comfortable with the noise and activity; his or her larger size will allow slightly more energetic play. In comparison, a smaller, shy puppy may be placed in the room for a second to allow the parents to see how totally unacceptable a tiny, shy puppy would be for their large, noisy family. This puppy will be too scared to move and will cower in the corner. Similar to this, for the young, athletic couple the professional breeder will introduce a very energetic, bouncy puppy that will run laps around the room. It would not be a suitable match to offer this couple a calm, relaxed, or timid puppy because it would never match their life style, both parties would be miserable. On the other hand, when the shy, tiny puppy is placed in the arms of an elderly gentleman, it is love at first touch. Without any fear, the timid puppy gives kisses, plays and snuggles in the gentleman’s lap and goes fast asleep. When the puppy and the prospective owner are matched properly, they form a trusting and loving bond that will transcend time. As one can see, the title â€Å"professional dog breeder† has a depth of meaning often overlooked by the public. Mating a male and a female dog does not make a good professional breeder. With so many things to consider, a good professional breeder will only breed dogs that are tested and cleared genetically. They wish to produce puppies utilizing the best Champion bloodlines available. They strive to match the personality of the puppy to the prospective owner. Competent breeding is a full-time commitment that requires many hours of research. When good genetics, personalities, and bloodlines are combined the professional breeder has the perfect recipe for a lifetime of companionship and happiness between puppy and owner.

Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Profile - Essay Example To me, Smith is a real hero. I believe that a hero is someone who makes appositive a contribution in the life of others. This is what I see in Smith. After his birth in 1969, Smith undertook his high school education in Pershing High School, Detroit before proceeding to Michigan State University in which he demonstrated his heroism by becoming the First Team All American basketball player. Later, in 1991, he joined the Miami Heat then he shifted to Atlanta Hawks, Portland Trail Blazers, New Orleans Hornets, San Antonio, and Charlotte Bobcats and finally went back to Miami Heat in 2004 before eventually retiring in the year 2005. All these achievements qualify Smith as a real hero. Despite such achievements, Smith still remains an unsung hero. I consider him so because he has not been recognized or the great accomplishments he has realized in his life so far. I consider him an unsung hero because, rather than actively engaging in basketball, Smith has established himself as a reputable philanthropist. After founding his foundation called Steve Smith Charitable Fund, Smith has been selflessly serving the underprivileged. As a charitable personality, he believes in equality which he says can only be attained through the empowerment of the less fortunate. With such an ideology in his mind, Steve dedicated his efforts to help in offering scholarship to the needy and bright African-American students who do find it challenging to fulfill their educational goals. This was not a mean achievement in the society. it is very hard to find people who can sacrifice all their savings for others (Olivier 129). This is a virtue that can only be found in people like Smith who only do it for the sake of others. Sometimes, people might be tempted to start a foundation in aid of others, but end up squandering contributions for their own benefits. This could not be heard of in Steve Smith Charitable Fund whose main role is to eradicate poverty

Proposal for the Research of the Legal Aspect of LifeScienceCorp Essay

Proposal for the Research of the Legal Aspect of LifeScienceCorp - Essay Example There are different reasons for the need to pursue the research. One is the fact that the line of business is highly delicate thus it is important to have complete knowledge of the legal rules, regulations, and laws to follow in every activity undertaken in the business operation. Another is the continuous improvement and evolution of the technologies that can be applied in the operation, thus, it is important to know the pertinent rules to follow. LifeScienceCorp is a company dedicated to answering the needs of the clients in terms of services such as gene splicing, cloning, and stem cell research technologies. In addition, the company also provides consultation and research and development services to different companies in the United States and countries all over the world. It employs 200 people and serves clients that are involved in different type of projects related to life sciences such as the production of treatments and therapies through the use of stem cells. Another type of clientele is involved in food production such as livestock, food crops, and fisheries. Companies involved in cloning research and products are also included in the clientele of the company. Based on the said description, it can then be considered that the services of the company are involved in technologically advanced and sensitive activities. For that matter, the legal aspect is essential to be able to establish clear guidelines in the company’s operation. It is composed of the rules set by local, national and international authorities in the specific field of industry where the company belongs. The research is aimed to establish legal guidelines that can govern the operation of the company. It is important to gather data on the legal requirements, rules, and regulations of the different fields pertinent to the research.  

IRB Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IRB Critique - Essay Example My proposed dissertation research study is made up of mixed method design, with one dominant and one secondary components of data collection. The proposed quantitative research will facilitate me with my investigation on how the academic performance of a student coincides with the job fulfillment of a teacher. In this concurrent study design, the proposed qualitative method will allow me to test specific hypothesis that will affirm my research inquiries in a moderate sample size of educators. In line with this, the following are formulated: (a) Proposed qualitative survey to be shelled out to a random sample composed of 25 K - 12 teachers, and (2) proposed structured formal personality test to be conducted to the 25 chosen participants. The research will conducted at one of the six schools in the county. Surveys and the Myers Briggs will be administered before the conclusion of the seminar. The survey will be a maximum time of 10 minutes and the MBTI will be a maximum time of 45 minutes ***May you give me some pointers with this? Totally confused *** The proposed research study will be conducted to one of the six schools in the county. Prior to the conclusion of the seminar, surveys and the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) will be administered separately. A maximum time of 10 minutes will be spent for the survey, and a maximum time of 45 minutes for MBTI. The data gathered thru the survey and MBTI will be recorded, incorporated, and analyzed by the researcher. The result of this investigation will determine the teachers’ personality and job satisfaction. Inclusion: My population will be K-12 educators (both men and women) of various ages and years of experience. 2 teachers from each grade level with one opening for a vocational or fine arts teacher. (I don’t get this). Inclusion: This study will focus on the K - 12 teachers of both sexes, and of various age

General Motors - External Environmental Analysis Assignment

General Motors - External Environmental Analysis - Assignment Example The auto industry has always been vulnerable to economic fluctuations, and with the volatility of fuel prices growing by the day, GM and other companies are always facing tough times. This is despite the firm’s huge financial resources. GM has a sound strategic core. This is evidenced by its huge turnaround since its bankruptcy in 2009. The company has hired highly skilled managers with rich strategic experience and knowledge of strategic management to guide its corporate development (Lewandowski, 2014). As one of the largest automakers in the world, GM is resource-rich in terms of tangible (hardware and facilities) and intangible (liquid cash). These resources are used to drive its expansion and support its new innovative orientation (Lewandowski, 2014). GM is yet to expand its network to emerging markets and advanced economies in Europe, Africa, and Eastern Europe. The company has opportunities to invest in new markets and maintain profitability (Lewandowski, 2014). The electric/hybrid segment also has endless opportunities created by consumers’ new inclination towards green energy. The threat of new entrants is low to moderate. Factors such as research and development (R&D) costs, economic instability, competition, and inflation make it extremely difficult for prospective entrants to successfully venture into the industry. Rising fuel prices, coupled with economic instability, has signaled a shift to electric and hybrid cars. GM has been forced to embrace electric/hybrid cars in order to avoid losing market share to other firms. Consumers have started viewing electric/hybrid cars as viable alternatives to wasteful and environmentally unfriendly gas automobiles. The threat of substitutes is moderate to high. Buyers have moderate to high bargaining power, especially because of new regulations and a greater variety to choose from. In the US

American History Since 1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American History Since 1900 - Essay Example This paper discusses the work of Harriet Jacobs, Incidents of a Slave Girl, as contrasted with the American Pageant (Kennedy et al, 2001). Harriet Jacobs was a slave in America during the slavery period. She wrote her narrative depicting the difficulty the slaves had. She focused her narrative on the impact of slavery on the black community domestic set-up. Her main focus was sexual exploitation in the plantation since she was sexually exploited, and focused on how slavery tore up the family set-up. There was a lot of brutality in how the whites handled the blacks who were their slaves. There was arbitrary rule which was engulfed with violence that ensured the slaves were denied any form of opportunity for personal development. In the book American Pageant, she focuses on the economic impact of slave trade and states either directly or by implication that the slavery system was ‘democratic’ and ‘fair’ as compared to other slaves systems around the world. He delicately applies euphemisms to mask the plight and nature of the black community in the society. The two sources have only one similarity: they both feature the history of American Slavery. However, the authors of the books also have clear cut racial disparities that informed their perspectives of expression. The narrative is written by a black woman who seeks to give a voice to the plight of the women slaves in her society, expressing the agony of uncertainty of the future. However, it has been contended that the incidents narratives were written under a pseudonym and, thus, could have been fiction. There has been evidence in forms of letters from respectable people of Jacobs’ times that validates the authenticity of the book. It then acts like as a platform of self expression and self realization and even as a means of resisting the slavery rule and white supremacy, just like other black narratives. It also serves a personal account of what transpired and the effects the slavery had on the writer. Narratives were written to invoke sympathy to the white community so that they would free their slaves (Kennedy et al, 2001). The book, on the other hand, covers a wider scope from the political arrangements of the time. Further, legislation that legalized slave trade and the positive effects the slaves had in the economy is also covered. Written by white authors who lacked firsthand experience of what really happened, the book fails to show an appreciation of what it means to be a slave and the effects it had on the individuals concerned. It has no platform of self expression, liberalization or supremacy but acts to narrow the thinking perspectives of young Americans, which are a form of undermining their freedom of true and accurate information. The book enhances white supremacy since it euphemizes the plight of the slaves and magnitude of their suffering. The book was written in pursuit of advancing academic in the United States and also for fiduciary b enefits arising from its sale. In her narrative, Harriet Jacobs shows the productive nature of the black people on the plantations of the white men. The labor they provided was unpaid meaning that the profits obtained from the trading of the agricultural products were quite significant. Further, the slaves lived in a squalid environment because their source of income showed that they could not afford a decent abode. Basic human rights that the world witnesses today were not in

Hobby, some sport activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hobby, some sport activity - Essay Example The most popular cricketer in the world at the present is Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar who has attained the attention of the Indian populace as they believe he is their God and hence they follow each and every move of his. The game is professionally played in a few countries, most important of which are Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, England, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, an amalgamation of Central American states by the cricketing name of West Indies and Zimbabwe. Many people play it as a hobby because it gives them satisfaction and the me-too feeling that they can copy actions of cricketers is an emotional attachment. Some play it because they can relate to the game while others just play because it is their favorite pastime. Then again, there are the young ones who play cricket in the form of online cricket games, while some manage cricket teams through video programs which essentially link them with this game in one way or the other. The game of cricket is a bat and ball game which is played at 11 a side (players on each team). The field is a circle which has a pitch (also called the wicket) measuring 22 yards from one end to another formed in a rectangular fashion. Each team takes its turn to bat a quota of certain overs and then the other team bats. When one team bats, the other one fields and vice versa (Quester 1998). There are two on field umpires who supervise a match at all times. There is also a third umpire who sits with the match referee who in turn oversee the match proceedings. The game of cricket is governed by the International Cricket Council (ICC) which has its headquarters in Dubai, the famous city of the United Arab Emirates. Formerly, it was based in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The laws of cricket are taken care of by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) whereas there are Standard Playing Conditions for Test Matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 matches. Incidentally, these three forms of cric ket are the ones that are played by professionals all over the world, and especially in the countries mentioned above. Cricket is played both by men and women. The ICC takes care of both the men’s teams and the women’s teams that are put forward by the individual nations – all of which come under the auspices of the ICC. It is mandatory for all the member nations to comply with the rules and policies as laid down by the ICC so that there are proper standards which are in place as far as the playing conditions, doping issues and other factors are related (Level 1 Coaching Course 2013). Having a uniform set of rules means that the ICC has more control over the member nations and the game of cricket as a whole prospers as there is a parent body that has complete command and control regarding the sport. Cricket has always been historical in terms of its age and grandeur within England. It is due to this reason that its headquarters was in London until the 2000s. The English hold the rights for this sport mainly because they were the ones who started playing it for the first time. The first Test Match was played between England Australia back in the late 1880s. The first One Day International Match was played similarly between these two arch rivals in 1971 and the trend continued so on (Harrison 1999). Cricket has been able to make its mark just a single time –

Price Elasticity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Price Elasticity - Research Paper Example The greater the percentage of income the commodity represents, the greater the elasticity because it will attract people’s attention as a result of its high cost (Moschandreas, 2000). If a commodity represents a small percentage of the consumer’s income, on the other hand, it will have little effect on demand, and is deemed to be inelastic. Therefore, the purchasing power of the consumer affects elasticity a great deal. Necessity also profoundly affects elasticity. If a product is necessary, that is, if one cannot do without a product, elasticity is reduced because people will still buy the product irrespective of the change in price (Ferrell, 2010). The availability of alternative goods affects elasticity. If a substitute good is close and readily available to the market, elasticity will be high since people will have the choice to switch to the attractive alternative. This can be necessitated by the slightest of changes in prices, and therefore largely affects elasticity (Ferrell, 2010). Substitute goods availability and reach is a factor that many companies look at in price consideration due to its massive impact on elasticity. Some factors have the least effect on elasticity. Though relative, the effect that these factors have is thought to be negligible. Time is one such example. Price changes that persist for short time periods affect the demand for a good, and subsequent sales far much less than price changes that hold for a long time. If a price change holds for a long time, elasticity is likely to be high since the customers will have time to find suitable alternatives (Moschandreas, 2000). Loyalty to a specific brand affects elasticity. This is so because if a consumer is loyal to a brand, elasticity is low as the variables that affect the product will not affect its demand. However, it s worth noting that with time and availability of better alternatives, loyalty eventually

Discuss the nature and quality of make-belief play Essay Example for Free

Discuss the nature and quality of make-belief play Essay Discuss the nature and quality of make-belief play, and the particular ways in which it relates to drama.  Drama in education requires an atmosphere of playfulness. We must be prepared to play with ideas, our bodies, voice, self and others. Young children do this naturally, learning by thrilling experience of living. Children make their world in ways not dissimilar from theatrical form. Childrens play and theatre can be seen as constituting two ends of a continuum. These are theatre games and theatre. Drama in education inhabits the area in between. It can move towards the play end, where very young children are engaging in drama that is close to their own form of free play. The difference, however, is that it takes place as a result of teacher intervention, in that the teacher locates the drama activity in a particular aspect of living. Older students may work very close to the theatre end of the continuum, where performance skills and communicative intention are paramount. At any one time, the teacher of drama needs to know at what point on the continuum she/he is working. For young children, dramatic play provides a journey into the world of lets pretend, where they can readily transform themselves into the role of any character they choose. A story can be created as a script, often with a theme, where expressive actions convey a sequence of events that construct the plot. Whether the style of drama appears connected to occupations such as being a fire-fighter, a community happening such as a big snowstorm, or a fictional representation of The Three Bears, children are actors, producers, directors and set designers. By engaging in meaningful dialogue, their language and non-verbal gestures gradually reveal what they know and what they want to express. Dramatic play benefits children in all developmental areas. As children engage in fantasy play, they re-live experiences by symbolically imitating what they observe around them. Through childrens interpersonal relationships within socio-dramatic play, opportunities arise for in-depth thinking such as imagining, recalling, reasoning and negotiating (Vygotsky). By exploring lifes situations from the community and home, a child can re-create an identity that fulfils personal emotional needs and desires. The compelling urge to become physically powerful and socially dominant is fulfilled when a child adopts the role of a superheroine such as Princess Xena .While a traumatic family event can be played out as therapeutic drama when a child transfers inner feelings of rejection or hostility towards dolls or soft toys. The need for reassurance can be provided in dramatic play when a child knows it is acceptable to take on the role of being a baby, so that any sense of displacement, caused by the arrival of a new sibling within the family, is eased. Children have the freedom to be active and spontaneous in dramatic play, because, as Eden says, it can be undertaken without regard for external goals and sanctions.

The resistance of a piece of wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance of a piece of wire Essay To experiment whether the length of a piece of Nichrome wire affects the resistance in a circuit containing two batteries, a voltmeter, and an amp meter. Equipment List:    7 x connector wires   1 x nichrome wire at varied lengths 2 x 9V Battery   1 x Variable Resistor   1 x Ammeter   1 x Voltmeter Method: A circuit will be set up as shown below: Prediction: In the experiment, I predict that the longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance is going to be. This prediction is made because the electrons travelling through the wire have a higher chance of colliding with the wires particles stopping the natural flow of current. Also the higher the positioning of the variable resistor in the circuit, the higher the resistance overall in the circuit should be. Safety:    Make sure all wires and components in the circuit are connected properly to avoid resulting in short circuits. Keep the circuit well away from any water.   Dont overload the ammeter and voltmeter. Fair Test: To make the test fair, the same equipment in the circuit will be used each time any recording is taken. The recordings will be taken with values to two decimal places each time. OBTAINING EVIDENCE Results: Reading # 6 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION Conclusion: The results prove that as the wire length increases by two times, so does the resistance. This agrees with the prediction made earlier, as the electrons travelling through the wire have a higher chance of colliding with the wires particles thus stopping the natural flow of current. Evaluation: The graph plotted represented how the length of a wire affects the resistance. No anomalous results were brought up, and so a line of best fit was easy to plot each time. The length of the wire is directly proportional to the resistance. To ensure further accuracy, there are certain things that could be changed in order to obtain better results: Take a wider set of results. Possibly twice as many, then work out the average. To further experiment on what factors affect the resistance of a wire, I could have tested the three other variables the cross-section, the material and the temperature. The experiment could have been carried in a controlled environment, allowing the temperature to remain constant and allow a fairer test. The wires used in the circuit contain a certain resistance, therefore certain wires with less resistance could have been used. Information for this coursework was taken from Encarta 98, Physics Matters by Nick England, and GCSE Physics by Richard Parsons.

Food Analysis: Starch, Protein and Reducing Sugars

Food Analysis: Starch, Protein and Reducing Sugars A Qualitative and Quantitative study of Food Analysis to test for the presence of starch, protein and for reducing sugars. Sorina Popa Laboratory Partner: Chris Paterson Objectives: The aims for this experiment are to carry out a number of qualitative procedures in order to identify different food traces such as starch, protein and glucose that are present or absent within the aqueous tests. Introduction: Food science is the application of biological, chemical and physical composition of food as well as the concepts that highlight food processing. The governance within the Food Science Industries are exceptionally strict when it comes to the quality and the safety of their manufactured products. The role of a Food Scientist is to examine the microbiological, biochemical and physical equities of food. The main three categories of food are proteins fats and carbohydrates. Benedict’s test was considered perfect for this experiment as this test is can detect a positive result for reducing monosaccharides or disaccharides sugars such as glucose and lactose. During the process of heating, the alkali in the Benedict’s reagent becomes highly reactive and it behaves as a strong reducing agent.The significant colour change that occurs from a clear blue colour to a brick red precipitate indicates a positive result for the presence of glucose within a food sample. The green/yellow colour change can indicate a vague presence of protein as well as the presence of glucose. Starch is an example of a polysaccharide that is found mostly within plants. Plants use starch to store energy.The Iodine Test is extremely sensitive and can detect up to 0.00002M of a solution tested at a temperature of 20 Â °C. However, if the sample’s pH is low, the iodine solution’s reactions wouldn’t occur with the sample solution tested. Iodine solution determines the presence of starch most easily when the cell walls are damaged and broken down in order to chemically react with the starch grains. In the presence of starch there is a colour change from Brown to Blue/Black. It is expected for starch to be present within potatoes, flour, certain vegetables and cereals. Proteina and amino acids are the building blocks of protein. The amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. Protein is highly found within meat, seeds and beans.The biuret test was considered ideal for this experiment as it can detect higher concentrations of protein.The reaction formed comes from an organic compound as its heated and a high temperature resulting to a positive test for protein. The biuret reagent is composed of diluted copper sulphate within a strong alkali.The colour change from blue to purple originates from the coordinate complex that is found between the cupric ions and the nitrogen atoms.The Bradford Test was also considered for this experiment as it its a rapid and highly sensitive method for testing for Protein. [1] Materials: The materials were as in the ITT Biology1 Food Analysis Protocols Manual. [2] Methods: There were 4 different experiments carried out in order to test for different components withing different food samples tested. The Iodine Test, Benedict Test, Biuret Test and Bradford Test were carried out as per Itt Biology1 Food Analysis Protocols Manual. [2] Results/Data: Table1: Assay Results indicating the presence of reducing sugars applying Benedict solution on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [6] Table2: Assay Results indication the presence of Starch applying Iodine solution on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [5] Table 3: Assay Results indication the presence of Protein applying Biuret Reagent on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [3] Table 4: Assay Results indication the presence of Protein applying Bradford Reagent on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [4] Discussion: The following table will indicate the expected results of the solutions tested in the laboratory: [7] Solution A: From the data obtained there is a positive result for the presence of glucose as the colour obtained was Green. The colour Green shows that there was another trace element as well as the presence of Glucose. For the Iodine test the colour obtained was Yellow towards Brown which indicates there was a negative result for the presence of starch. There was a negative result for the presence of protein using the Biuret Reagent as the original colour Blue remained the same. However, when this solution was tested for the presence of protein using Bradford Reagent, there was a colour change from Brown to Light Blue indicating that there are small traces of protein present within this solution. This leads to a conclusion that solution A can be classified as being High Energy Glucose Drink diluted 1 in 20. Solution B: From the data obtained it showed to have the presence of Glucose as the colour obtained was Green. The colour Green tells us that traces of protein has been present as well as Glucose. To sustain this statement, when solution B was tested using Bradford Reagent , it showed a positive result for the presence of protein due to the colour change from Brown to Blue. However there was no presence of Starch within this solution as the colour remained the iodine brown/yellow original colour. This leads to the conclusion that solution B might have been the Diet Carbonated Lemon Lime Drink diluted 1 in 20. Solution C: Looking at the data obtained, Reducing sugars are present within this solution as the colour changed from Blue to Green. The Iodine test showed a negative result for the presence of Starch as the colour remained Brown. However, traces of Protein was present when the Bradford Test was carried out. This signifies that the solution C can be the Carbonated Diet Lemon and Lime Drink diluted 1 in 1000.According to the expected results, the Carbonated Lemon and Lime Drink diluted 1 in 1000 showed to have a positive result for Reducing sugar, and Protein. However, since this solution was diluted 1 in 1000, it’s possible that the presence of protein didn’t show because of the insufficient amount of protein. The Bradford Test showed to have the ability to indicate small traces of protein. Solution D: Analysing the data obtained the wasn’t any presence of Glucose in the Reducing Sugars Assay as the colour remained blue. There wasn’t any Starch present when Iodine solution was added in the Solution D due to no change in the colour i.e. Brown. However, the Biuret Test indicated a positive result for the presence of protein due to the colour change from Blue to Purple. As the Biuret test is known to detect large traces of protein, the presence of protein also came positive when the Bradford Reagent was used. Looking at the different solutions and their expected results, Solution D can be considered to be Sports Supplement diluted 1 in 10 since it is said it’s based on protein and not so much Carbohydrate based. This can be the reason why the Iodine and Benedict Test showed negative results. Solution E From the results obtained it indicated that there are traces of Glucose as the colour changed from Blue to Yellow/Brown. The colour brown isn’t the presence only for the presence of glucose which is orange. There are traces of a different component within the Solution E. There aren’t any traces of Starch when the Iodine Solution was added to a sample of Solution E. However, the extra trace element that appeared during the Bradford Test.The colour changed from Brown to dark Blue signifying traces of protein. When the solution was tested for protein using the Biuret Reagent, it showed a negative result as there was no colour change. As a conclusion, the Solution E appears to be Cow’s Milk diluted 1 in 20. Solution F: Analysing the data obtained from carrying out different aqueous procedures, it showed that there is a negative result for the presence of Reducing Sugars as the colour remained Blue after boiling process. There was also a negative result for the presence of Starch when Iodine solution was added and the colour remained the colour of Iodine solution i.e. Brown/Yellow. However, there was a positive result using both Biuret and Bradford Reagents as the colour changes to Purple when Biuret Reagent was used and the colour changed to dark Blue when Bradford Reagent was used. Comparing the result from this solution to the other expected solutions, Solution F can be looked upon to be Liquidised Cauliflower Filtered and Diluted 1 in 5. Solution G: From the results obtained it showed that there was a positive result for the presence of Glucose as there was a colour change from Blue to Brown. The colour brown also indicates there is another trace element present within this solution as well as Glucose. In the Iodine Test there was a positive result for the presence of starch as the colour change was Orange. This is an unusual colour as the actual positive colour indication for the presence of starch is Blue/Black. However, the colour orange can indicate there are more than one trace elements that are present within this solution. When the Bradford Test was carried out, a negative result was obtained as the colour did not change in Biuret and Bradford Test. From the data obtained, Solution G can be Diet Carbonated Lemon and Lime Drink diluted 1 in 10. Solution H: From the results obtained it showed a negative result for reducing sugar as the colour remained Blue. However, there was a positive result for the presence of starch as the colour changed from Brown/yellow to Orange. There was also a positive result when the solution was tested for protein. When Biuret Reagent was used the colour didn’t change which leads to a negative result but when the Bradford Reagent was used there was a positive result as the colour changed into Light Blue. This can mean that the Solution H can be classified to be Wheat flour 0.5% w/v solution. Conclusion: The purpose of these Qualitative experiments was to analyse in depth the aqueous solutions given and tested for the presence of starch, traces of protein and for reducing sugars. The data collected from each solution was compared with the expected results from specific solutions from which some were diluted more than 5 times. The results obtained were remarkably close to the results expected. This concludes that the overall assays undertaken were a success due to the results obtained and discussions made. References: Books/Manuals: [1] ITT Laboratory Skills Manual (2014-2015), Biology1, pg. 44-51 [2] ITT Biology Analysis Protocols (2014-2015) [3] Malhotra VK (2003) 4th Edition, Food Analysis, Practical Biochemistry for Students, Ch.48. [4] Shanmugam S., Sathish Kumar T, Panneer Selvam K, (2010) Laboratory Handbook on Biochemistry, Eastern Economy Edition, pg:26-27 Online Links: [5] British Nutrition Foundation (2004), Test for Starch, (Energy and Nutrients1995) (http://www.foodafactoflife.org.uk/attachments/92592385-dfb2-4ad6d61cf053.pdf) Accessed on 26th October 2014 @10.00am. [6] British Nutrition Foundation (2004), (Energy and Nutrients 1995) (http://www.foodafactoflife.org.uk/attachments/f4525d5b-0133-49b1e394c729.pdf) Accessed on 26th October [emailprotected] 10.30am. [7] Conde Nast (2014) Self Nutrition Data (http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beverages/7399/2) accessed on 26th [emailprotected].

Animal Farm as a Fable Essay -- Animal Farm

Animal Farm as a Fable Traditional fables are moral stories that usually feature animals. Aesop's Fables, which are probably the most well known, tell tales about animals that have clearly human characteristics, like the sly fox, the patient crow and the selfish dog. Since Aesop's stories have been told for over 2,500 years, they are clearly a form well suited to telling a universal truth in a way that is accessible to children and memorable for adults. In writing Animal Farm, Orwell wanted to express a particular set of ideas about revolutions - ideas that he thought were more or less universal. The success of the book since its publication would seem to indicate that he had the right idea. The plot of Animal Farm is clearly based on the events of the Russian Revolution. Old Major's ideas about animalism correspond to those of Karl Marx, and the way in which they are taken up and put into action represents the activities of Leon Trotsky (Snowball) and a combination of Lenin and Stalin (Napoleon). The haphazard nature of the rebellion closely parallels the opportunistic response to events that brought the Bolsheviks to power in 1917, and the history of the farm roughly follows events in European history up to the Second World War. The fact that we are still reading Animal Farm long after these events have passed into history again suggests something of Orwell's achievement. The fable format allowed Orwell to reduce complicated events to a level that almost anyone could understand - the workings of the Russian Politburo or of the NKVD (the secret police) are complex matters but the story of Squealer and Napoleon's trained dogs is much more accessible. Similarly, the lives an... ...such as when he speaks of Squealer, "who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting." Again, young readers are likely to enjoy this kind of statement where the real meaning is only slightly below the surface. Fables are meant to have a moral, and the moral of Animal Farm is that all revolutions fail in the end. Orwell could have written a long essay expressing such ideas but it is doubtful that many people would now be reading it. The success of Animal Farm is that it tells the sad tale of a group of creatures we care about, and how their hopes and dreams were dashed. Beyond the surface story, however, is the message that for ordinary people revolutions simply change one set of rulers for another. It is a depressing message but people are prepared to listen to it because it is told in a simple and entertaining way like all the best fables.

Sleep apnea :: essays research papers

Survey Instrument Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sleep apnea is one of the leading silent killers in the Unites States. If you were a concerned person, you would be looking into the following symptoms and getting examined. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Falling asleep during the day †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waking up in the middle of the night feeling short of breath †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feeling tired all the time Please keep in mind if you have any of these symptoms, and if your spouse says you snore at night please get checked out, it is a possibility you may have sleep apnea. Enclosed in this paper you will find some important data I compiled from a survey I conducted on sleep apnea. In the following data there will be some information that may be disturbing, but very informational. Please if you experience any of the symptoms please get examined. Question 1 Do you know any information about sleep apnea? A. nothing about it B. have it C. heard about it D. know someone who has it As you can see in this chart, many people have heard about this medical condition which is good for society (C). There were only a few who didn’t know what it was (A). The you have (B), which was people who have it, and when I conducted the survey no one had it. Also, a few people knew of someone who has this disease (D). It is good to know that our fellow people are informed about this severe condition. Question 2 Are you aware you could have sleep apnea if you are experiencing some of the following symptoms: 1. falling asleep during the day 2. waking up in the middle of the night feeling short of breath 3. feeling tired all the time A. no idea B. have some of the symptoms C. have the symptoms listed, plus more D. have it For this question you can see that the largest amount didn’t have any clue about any of the symptoms or what it was (A). The next question involves having some of the symptoms listed, and that question was up there also, meaning that people are experiencing the disease, but are they doing anything about it? (B) Only a few listed that they have those symptoms and even more. If that is the case they need to be evaluated immediately.(C) For the last question there was no number listed, because none of my surveyees had this disease. (D) Question 3 Do you know what happens to your body when you have sleep apnea? A. no idea B. heard about it

The Round, Flat, and Stock Characters of Rip Van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

One particular criterion character effectively supports the central idea in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† by Washington Irving. The character's type develops with the personality development throughout the story. Three types of characters: round, flat, and stock, appear in most stories. The round character displays a fully developed personality and full emotions. Flat characters, also known as supporting characters, do not develop fully or express complex emotions. A stock character, also known as a stereotype, fits an established characterization from real life or literature. With these three types of characters leading the reader through the story, the reader learns the events taking place as well as the changes in the character’s lives. The author keeps the reader informed of the changes affecting the characters throughout the narrative through style. When a character undergoes a fundamental change in nature or personality during the story, the character has dynamic style. H owever, a character without change defines a static character. Although all characters have a style and type sometimes understanding the differences appears complicated. A chart often helps establish a better understanding of character type and style.    The author uses one main character, at most, two; only the protagonist and the antagonist exist as major characters. â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Washington Irving uses one main character to play both the role of the protagonist and the antagonist. In paragraph three lines, six and seven, the reader meets the protagonist. â€Å"†¦a simple good-natured fellow of the name of Rip Van Winkle† In paragraphs five and nine, lines one and two, and one and four, respectively, the reader encounters the antagonist. â€Å"The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion for all kinds of labor.† â€Å"†¦Rip would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound.† Even though, in both cases where the reader encounters Rip Van Winkle, Rip only counts as one main character. Characterization occurs when the author draws an overall picture of the characters. Characterization happens in two ways in literature, by description and personality. The auth or uses the words a story to describe a character or imply the appearance of the characters through the text of the story. Introducing the personality of the character to the reader in words give or describe the personality of the characters or the words used imply certain things about the character. The protagonist in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† the reader first meets in paragraph three, lines seven and eight, â€Å"†¦ a simple good-natured fellow of the name of Rip Van Winkle.

Conflict resolution

Successful negotiations pave the way for smooth relationships in the future. To find peaceful solutions to difficult situations. Full-blown battles use up resources time, energy, good reputation, motivation. By negotiating, you avoid wasting these resources, and you may actually make new allies and find new resources! When should you resolve conflict? Conflict resolution is appropriate for almost any disagreement. Our daily lives offer plenty of opportunities for negotiation – between parents and children, co-workers, friends, etc. And as a result, you probably already have a variety of effective strategies for resolving minor conflicts. But for more serious conflicts, and conflicts between groups rather than individuals, you may need some additional skills. How, for example, should you structure a meeting teens your group and your opponent? When should you settle, and when should you fight for more? How should you react if your opponent attacks you personally? Read on for mor e information on specific conflict resolution techniques. How should you resolve conflict?There are seven steps to successfully negotiating the resolution of a conflict: 1. Understand the conflict 2. Communicate with the opposition 3. Brainstorm possible resolutions 4. Choose the best resolution Use a third party mediator 5. 6. Explore alternatives 7. Cope with stressful situations and pressure tactics Understand the conflict Conflicts arise for a variety of different reasons. It is important for you to define clearly your own position and interests in the conflict, and to understand those of your opponent. Here are some questions to ask yourself so that you can better define the conflict.Inertest What are my interests? What do I really care about in this conflict? What do I want? What do I need? What are my concerns, hopes, fears? Possible Outcomes What kinds of agreements might we reach? Legitimacy What third party, outside of the conflict, might convince one or both of us that a proposed agreement is a fair one? What objective standard might convince s that an agreement is fair? For example: a law, an expert opinion, the market value of the transaction. Is there a precedent that would convince us that an agreement is fair? Their Interests What are the interests of my opposition?If were in their shoes, what would I really care about in this conflict? What do they want? What do they need? What are their concerns, hopes, fears? Interests play an important role in better understanding conflict. Often, groups waste time â€Å"bargaining over positions. † Instead of explaining what the interests of their position are, they argue about their â€Å"bottom line. † This is not useful way to negotiate, because it forces groups to stick to one narrow position. Once they are entrenched in a particular position, it will be embarrassing for them to abandon it.They may spend more effort on â€Å"saving face† than on actually finding a suitable resoluti on. It is usually more helpful to explore the group's interests, and then see what positions suit such interests. Example: Your parent group wants the high school to change its history textbook. You feel that the textbook doesn't represent the history of Africa adequately. You come to the School Committee and say, â€Å"The only textbook that works for us s The People of Jamaica, and that's final! † You have presented a position rather than your interests.By drawing a bottom line, you're stuck in one position. If you don ‘t convince the School Committee to choose this textbook, you'll lose. A more effective way to approach the School Committee would be to state your interests. You might say, â€Å"We're concerned about the under- representation of racial minorities in the current Jamaican history textbook, and would like to find an alternative. † By communicating your interests, rather than one position, you are leaving some room to negotiate while still Ewing fi rm and clear about your goals. Often, the same interest can have many positions.For example, the School Committee might vote to us plenty the history textbook with a packet of articles about minorities as well as other thing about minorities in Jamaica. These are different positions that address the same interest. Communicate with the opposition Now that you have thought through your own interests and those of the other party, you can begin to communicate directly with your opposition. Here are some tips for productive talks: Listen. Their opinions are important to you, because their Opinions are the source of your conflict. If something is important to them, you need to recognize this.Recognizing does not mean agreeing of course! Let everyone participate who wants to. People who participate will have a stake in a resolution. They will want to find a good compromise. Talk about your strong emotions. Let the other side let off steam. Don't, however, react to emotional outbursts! Try an apology instead of yelling back. Apologizing is not costly, and is often a rewarding technique. Be an active listener. Rephrase what you're hearing as a question: â€Å"Let me see if I'm following you. You're saying that†¦ Have got that right? † You can still be rim when you're listening. Speak about yourself, not the other party.In the textbook example, you might say, â€Å"l feel angry to know that my children are reading this old-fashioned textbook,† rather than, â€Å"How could you choose such a racist book? † Be concrete, but flexible. Speak about your interests, not about your position. Avoid early judgments. Keep asking questions and gathering information. Don't tell the opposition, â€Å"It's up to you to solve your problems. † Work to find a solution for everyone. Find a way to make their decision easy. Try to find a way for them to take your position without looking cake, but don't call it a way for them to â€Å"save face. Egos are imp ortant in negotiations! Brainstorm Possible Resolutions Now that you know what the interests of both parties are, and how to better communicate with the opposition, you can start thinking about solutions. Look at all of the interests you have listed, for you and for your opponents, and look for common interests. Often both parties share many interests for example, both groups may want stability and public respect. Before you hold a brainstorming meeting, think carefully about how you'll set up the meeting. Write a clear purpose statement for the meeting. Try to choose a small group of 5-8 people total.Hold the meeting in a different environment from your usual setting. Make sure the setting is an informal one where people feel comfortable and safe. Find an unbiased facilitator, someone who can structure the meeting without sharing his or her own feelings about the conflict. To begin brainstorming, decide whether you want to brainstorm with your opposition, or with only your group. I n either case, you will want to establish some ground rules. Work on coming up with as many ideas as possible. Don't judge or criticize the ideas yet that might prevent people room thinking creatively.Try to maximize (not minimize) your options. Look for win-win solutions, or compromises, in which both parties get something they want. Find a way to make their decision easy During the meeting, seat people side by side, facing the â€Å"problem†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a blank chalkboard or large pad of paper for writing down ideas. The facilitator will remind people of the purpose of the meeting review the ground rules, and ask participants to agree to those rules. During the brainstorming session, the facilitator will write down all ideas on the chalkboard or pad. Choose the best resolutionAfter the meeting, you will need to decide which resolution is best. Review your brainstorm ideas. Star the best ideas – these are whatnot will work With during the conflict resolution process. Set a time to discuss them and determine which idea is the best. The goal here is to use both groups' skills and resources to get the best result for everyone. Which resolution gives both groups the most? That resolution is probably the best one. Use a third party mediator As you are brainstorming and choosing a good resolution, you may want to use a third party mediator.This is a person who is not from your group or our opponent's group, but whom you both trust to be fair. Your mediator can help both sides agree upon a standard by which you'll judge your resolution. Standards are a way to measure your agreement. They include expert opinions, law, precedent (the way things have been done in the past), and accepted principles. For example, let's say you're building a new playground for your town's elementary school. You disagree with the superintendent about what kinds of materials you'll use to build the playground. The superintendent wants to use chemical-treated wood, but you feel it' s unsafe.A mediator might read the current guidelines of the lumber industry and tell you which kinds of wood are considered safe for children. Maybe you and the superintendent will agree to follow the lumber industry's advice-?in other words, to use that as the standard. Your mediator could also, for example, run your brainstorming session. Here are some other possible jobs for a mediator: Setting ground rules for you and your opponent to agree upon (for example, you might both agree not to publicly discuss the dispute) Creating an appropriate setting for meetings Suggesting possible ways to compromiseBeing an â€Å"ear† for both side's anger and fear Listening to both sides and explaining their positions to one another Finding the interests behind each side's positions Looking for win-win alternatives Keeping both parties focused, reasonable, and respectful Preventing any party from feeling that it's â€Å"losing face† Writing the draft of your agreement with the opp osition Perhaps Harriet is considering quitting her job because her boss wants to transfer her to another office.The mediator might say, â€Å"It sounds like Harriet doesn't care about transferring to the downtown office. What she's worried about is losing rank. Harriet, do you agree with that? Ms. Snell, do you understand Harrier's concern? How can we assure Harriet that she won't lose rank if she agrees to transfer? ‘ Explore alternatives There may be times when, despite your hard work and good will, you cannot find an acceptable resolution to your conflict. You need to think about this possibility before you begin negotiations.At what point will you decide to walk away from negotiations? What are your alternatives if you cannot reach an agreement with your opponent? It is important that you brainstorm your alternatives to resolution early on in the negotiation process, and that you always have your best alternative somewhere in the back of your mind. As you consider possib le agreements with your opponent, compare them to this â€Å"best† alternative. If you don't know what the alternative is, you'll be negotiating without all the necessary information!In order to come up with an alternative, start by brainstorming. Then, consider the pros and cons of each alternative. Think about which alternative is realistic and practical. Also think about how you can make it even better. At the same time, don't forget to put yourself in the shoes of your opposition. What alternatives might they have? Why might they choose them? What can you do to make your choice better than their alternative? Roger Fisher and Danny Retell call this alternative your BATAAN Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement.You can read more about BAT AN in their book Getting Ready to Negotiate. Cope with stressful situations and pressure tactics So far, we've talked about how to negotiate with a fairly reasonable opponent. However, you need to be prepared to negotiate with all kind s of opponents, both reasonable and unreasonable. What if your opponent is more powerful and influential that you are? What if they refuse to meet or alkyl with you? All of these situations are stressful, and intended to put extra pressure on you to make a quick decision in the opposition ‘s favor. Conflict resolution Healthy organizations which are characterized by well developed problem -solving mechanisms and a collaborative climate are able to identify conflict and deal with it in a elaborative way that leaves the organization stronger and better developed rather than weakened and wracked with hostility (Owens, Valleys, 2011). The potential conflict in this elementary school can be approached with five possible methods namely: muscle, reconciliation, harmony, retreat, and collaboration. The muscle method is assertive, aggressive, and competitive.This style creates win-lose situation. This is termed as † I am the boss. Just do it! â€Å". The reconciliation method is one of accommodating, giving in and acquiescing to preserve relationships while resolving the conflict, at least immemorially. The harmony style assumes a â€Å"middle ground,† aimed at achieving compromise in order to resolve conflict. On the other hand, retreat method avoids or withdraws in from the conflict. It is aimed at not becoming involved with conflict and the strong feelings it may generate.The collaborating approach attempts to reach consensus and stresses working together for a mutual solution to conflicts. (Owens, valleys,201 1). In order to manage the conflict in this elementary school and the community in question, the collaborative method seems in my opinion the most attractive approach in order to lessen the destructive hostility among the staff and all parties t and to pave the way for opportunities of growth and development of the school and the community as a whole.The first step I will take as a new principal is to get to the source of the imminent conflict sweeping across the school environment. I will have a private meeting with the librarian, the physical education teacher, and each of the other parties involved to be able to get to the root of the conflict. With eye contacts, open heartiness and impartial attitude, I will listen actively and discuss the issues tit these individuals privately. After that, I will form a committee comprising of teachers, staff members, parents, community members, administrators, board of directors, and all stakeholders.I will have a meeting with the committee to discuss the issue at hand while the director Of schools and myself serve as facilitators. Each party will present its view of the problem while the other parties listen attentively without interruption. We as facilitators will ensure that each party states its case clearly and calmly without personally attacking the other parties. Secondly, I will ask each party to state two or three specific suggestions on how it thinks the conflict could be solved. An example might be,† I will like the administration to handle all field trip approvals†.Another clear suggestion might be, â€Å"I will like all teachers and staff to select a representative from their respective department to handle curriculum and standards issues†. It is of paramount importan ce for the facilitators to encourage and prompt each party to identify the root cause of the problem and then come up with specific ways that will resolve the issue Seafarer, 2007). Through the lens of impartiality, active listening skills and compassion, I will ensure that the suggestions presented are thoroughly discussed and agreed upon to make the necessary changes.At this point, all parties will be encouraged to engage each other in a reasonable and professional manner to come to an agreement on the suggestions made and are satisfied with the implementation Of the resolutions. For instance, the veteran librarian will be satisfied with the resolution that bus duties will be assigned to any teacher who volunteers for that opportunity. Parents will be satisfied with the opportunity to lead and provide interesting programs for parent -teacher association.Also they will be excited to be given the golden chance to be part of the decision making body of the school improvement ventures . The final step for the facilitators, especially me is to set up a date for the resolutions to be enacted and follow up on its progress. It is of cardinal importance for me to fearlessly look into the conflict in detail, if necessary. If new policies or procedures need to be put in place to avoid the same conflict arising in the true, will have that discussion with the staff and all parties involved. Conflict resolution Successful negotiations pave the way for smooth relationships in the future. To find peaceful solutions to difficult situations. Full-blown battles use up resources time, energy, good reputation, motivation. By negotiating, you avoid wasting these resources, and you may actually make new allies and find new resources! When should you resolve conflict? Conflict resolution is appropriate for almost any disagreement. Our daily lives offer plenty of opportunities for negotiation – between parents and children, co-workers, friends, etc. And as a result, you probably already have a variety of effective strategies for resolving minor conflicts. But for more serious conflicts, and conflicts between groups rather than individuals, you may need some additional skills. How, for example, should you structure a meeting teens your group and your opponent? When should you settle, and when should you fight for more? How should you react if your opponent attacks you personally? Read on for mor e information on specific conflict resolution techniques. How should you resolve conflict?There are seven steps to successfully negotiating the resolution of a conflict: 1. Understand the conflict 2. Communicate with the opposition 3. Brainstorm possible resolutions 4. Choose the best resolution Use a third party mediator 5. 6. Explore alternatives 7. Cope with stressful situations and pressure tactics Understand the conflict Conflicts arise for a variety of different reasons. It is important for you to define clearly your own position and interests in the conflict, and to understand those of your opponent. Here are some questions to ask yourself so that you can better define the conflict.Inertest What are my interests? What do I really care about in this conflict? What do I want? What do I need? What are my concerns, hopes, fears? Possible Outcomes What kinds of agreements might we reach? Legitimacy What third party, outside of the conflict, might convince one or both of us that a proposed agreement is a fair one? What objective standard might convince s that an agreement is fair? For example: a law, an expert opinion, the market value of the transaction. Is there a precedent that would convince us that an agreement is fair? Their Interests What are the interests of my opposition?If were in their shoes, what would I really care about in this conflict? What do they want? What do they need? What are their concerns, hopes, fears? Interests play an important role in better understanding conflict. Often, groups waste time â€Å"bargaining over positions. † Instead of explaining what the interests of their position are, they argue about their â€Å"bottom line. † This is not useful way to negotiate, because it forces groups to stick to one narrow position. Once they are entrenched in a particular position, it will be embarrassing for them to abandon it.They may spend more effort on â€Å"saving face† than on actually finding a suitable resoluti on. It is usually more helpful to explore the group's interests, and then see what positions suit such interests. Example: Your parent group wants the high school to change its history textbook. You feel that the textbook doesn't represent the history of Africa adequately. You come to the School Committee and say, â€Å"The only textbook that works for us s The People of Jamaica, and that's final! † You have presented a position rather than your interests.By drawing a bottom line, you're stuck in one position. If you don ‘t convince the School Committee to choose this textbook, you'll lose. A more effective way to approach the School Committee would be to state your interests. You might say, â€Å"We're concerned about the under- representation of racial minorities in the current Jamaican history textbook, and would like to find an alternative. † By communicating your interests, rather than one position, you are leaving some room to negotiate while still Ewing fi rm and clear about your goals. Often, the same interest can have many positions.For example, the School Committee might vote to us plenty the history textbook with a packet of articles about minorities as well as other thing about minorities in Jamaica. These are different positions that address the same interest. Communicate with the opposition Now that you have thought through your own interests and those of the other party, you can begin to communicate directly with your opposition. Here are some tips for productive talks: Listen. Their opinions are important to you, because their Opinions are the source of your conflict. If something is important to them, you need to recognize this.Recognizing does not mean agreeing of course! Let everyone participate who wants to. People who participate will have a stake in a resolution. They will want to find a good compromise. Talk about your strong emotions. Let the other side let off steam. Don't, however, react to emotional outbursts! Try an apology instead of yelling back. Apologizing is not costly, and is often a rewarding technique. Be an active listener. Rephrase what you're hearing as a question: â€Å"Let me see if I'm following you. You're saying that†¦ Have got that right? † You can still be rim when you're listening. Speak about yourself, not the other party.In the textbook example, you might say, â€Å"l feel angry to know that my children are reading this old-fashioned textbook,† rather than, â€Å"How could you choose such a racist book? † Be concrete, but flexible. Speak about your interests, not about your position. Avoid early judgments. Keep asking questions and gathering information. Don't tell the opposition, â€Å"It's up to you to solve your problems. † Work to find a solution for everyone. Find a way to make their decision easy. Try to find a way for them to take your position without looking cake, but don't call it a way for them to â€Å"save face. Egos are imp ortant in negotiations! Brainstorm Possible Resolutions Now that you know what the interests of both parties are, and how to better communicate with the opposition, you can start thinking about solutions. Look at all of the interests you have listed, for you and for your opponents, and look for common interests. Often both parties share many interests for example, both groups may want stability and public respect. Before you hold a brainstorming meeting, think carefully about how you'll set up the meeting. Write a clear purpose statement for the meeting. Try to choose a small group of 5-8 people total.Hold the meeting in a different environment from your usual setting. Make sure the setting is an informal one where people feel comfortable and safe. Find an unbiased facilitator, someone who can structure the meeting without sharing his or her own feelings about the conflict. To begin brainstorming, decide whether you want to brainstorm with your opposition, or with only your group. I n either case, you will want to establish some ground rules. Work on coming up with as many ideas as possible. Don't judge or criticize the ideas yet that might prevent people room thinking creatively.Try to maximize (not minimize) your options. Look for win-win solutions, or compromises, in which both parties get something they want. Find a way to make their decision easy During the meeting, seat people side by side, facing the â€Å"problem†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a blank chalkboard or large pad of paper for writing down ideas. The facilitator will remind people of the purpose of the meeting review the ground rules, and ask participants to agree to those rules. During the brainstorming session, the facilitator will write down all ideas on the chalkboard or pad. Choose the best resolutionAfter the meeting, you will need to decide which resolution is best. Review your brainstorm ideas. Star the best ideas – these are whatnot will work With during the conflict resolution process. Set a time to discuss them and determine which idea is the best. The goal here is to use both groups' skills and resources to get the best result for everyone. Which resolution gives both groups the most? That resolution is probably the best one. Use a third party mediator As you are brainstorming and choosing a good resolution, you may want to use a third party mediator.This is a person who is not from your group or our opponent's group, but whom you both trust to be fair. Your mediator can help both sides agree upon a standard by which you'll judge your resolution. Standards are a way to measure your agreement. They include expert opinions, law, precedent (the way things have been done in the past), and accepted principles. For example, let's say you're building a new playground for your town's elementary school. You disagree with the superintendent about what kinds of materials you'll use to build the playground. The superintendent wants to use chemical-treated wood, but you feel it' s unsafe.A mediator might read the current guidelines of the lumber industry and tell you which kinds of wood are considered safe for children. Maybe you and the superintendent will agree to follow the lumber industry's advice-?in other words, to use that as the standard. Your mediator could also, for example, run your brainstorming session. Here are some other possible jobs for a mediator: Setting ground rules for you and your opponent to agree upon (for example, you might both agree not to publicly discuss the dispute) Creating an appropriate setting for meetings Suggesting possible ways to compromiseBeing an â€Å"ear† for both side's anger and fear Listening to both sides and explaining their positions to one another Finding the interests behind each side's positions Looking for win-win alternatives Keeping both parties focused, reasonable, and respectful Preventing any party from feeling that it's â€Å"losing face† Writing the draft of your agreement with the opp osition Perhaps Harriet is considering quitting her job because her boss wants to transfer her to another office.The mediator might say, â€Å"It sounds like Harriet doesn't care about transferring to the downtown office. What she's worried about is losing rank. Harriet, do you agree with that? Ms. Snell, do you understand Harrier's concern? How can we assure Harriet that she won't lose rank if she agrees to transfer? ‘ Explore alternatives There may be times when, despite your hard work and good will, you cannot find an acceptable resolution to your conflict. You need to think about this possibility before you begin negotiations.At what point will you decide to walk away from negotiations? What are your alternatives if you cannot reach an agreement with your opponent? It is important that you brainstorm your alternatives to resolution early on in the negotiation process, and that you always have your best alternative somewhere in the back of your mind. As you consider possib le agreements with your opponent, compare them to this â€Å"best† alternative. If you don't know what the alternative is, you'll be negotiating without all the necessary information!In order to come up with an alternative, start by brainstorming. Then, consider the pros and cons of each alternative. Think about which alternative is realistic and practical. Also think about how you can make it even better. At the same time, don't forget to put yourself in the shoes of your opposition. What alternatives might they have? Why might they choose them? What can you do to make your choice better than their alternative? Roger Fisher and Danny Retell call this alternative your BATAAN Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement.You can read more about BAT AN in their book Getting Ready to Negotiate. Cope with stressful situations and pressure tactics So far, we've talked about how to negotiate with a fairly reasonable opponent. However, you need to be prepared to negotiate with all kind s of opponents, both reasonable and unreasonable. What if your opponent is more powerful and influential that you are? What if they refuse to meet or alkyl with you? All of these situations are stressful, and intended to put extra pressure on you to make a quick decision in the opposition ‘s favor.

To what extent are your chosen texts typical of their genre

There are many elements that are conventional In all advertising campaigns, for example using a well known celebrity wearing a dress makes people want to go out and buy that dress, for the simple reason that people want to feel like the celebrity. Although key elements can be used In both audio-visual and printed ads these depend on what target audience the producer is aiming the product at. ‘Advertising, a form of commercial mass communication designed to promote the sale of a product or service', this statement clearly explains the reasons for advertising and how it is aimed to attract people to purchase a product. Arrive. For example an audio-visual campaign will include music, voice-over to anchor the images and short-narrative and superimposition if the product, in the printed campaigns we have distant dominant images, enigmatic backgrounds, slogans, brand names with the product often larger than it proportionally should be. In this essay I am going to analyses to what ext ent my three analyses campaigns ‘Channel NON' ‘Inverse' ‘D' are typical of their genre. To begin I will start by analyzing Channel NON'.This advertisement uses many genre conventions both conventional and Non- conventional. This advertisement contains a well known celebrity who Is very attractive who would appeal to both male and female audience, as women are going to want to be her and by her advertising that she wears this perfume they will go out and buy this to get a taste of her life. And men who find her attractive may go out and by their girlfriends/wives this perfume because they want to have a sense of this celebrity in their life.The theme of romance is set throughout the advertisement which in reinforced by the music in the background, this a common element used to portray a particular theme within an audio-visual advertisement. The short narrative in this advertisement is particularly attractive to an audience to watch as It Is a romantic, and given off a loving theme which most women's perfumes seem to use to sale a product, this loving narrative Is again reinforced by he musical background by Claim De Lune a French romantic classic. The branding name Is constantly shown throughout this ad also, egg. T the end the product logo Is shown as a form of necklace which reminds audience of the product being promoted through this ad. This ad has many Non-conventional elements, for example the length of this is advert s unusual and not very common when it comes to advertising. Although because of the 3 act narrative throughout the ad it keeps audience intrigued and they want to continue watching where as if they had of stuck to a one narrative theme audience would find it boring and end up turning the ad off before the ending.Also at the end of this ad there is Credits. This is not something ads typically have and is very unusual to see, it gives a movie like theme which associates with the actress Nicole Kidnap. The production value of E WE million for this was also not something common hen making an advertisement and Nicole received $3. 71 million which Is extremely much for an ad. Although this advertisement was very successful though out the world and the money that was put into the production paid of as Channel NON is ‘Inverse by kylie'.This is a printed ad and is completely conventional. This product involves and A-list star who gives the illusion through this ad that by wearing this product a person will be attractive to the opposite sex. It gives the idea that you will be able to explore the different facets of maleness, from the business like dominant ale to a vulnerable male who needs to be loved. Two of the campaigns include an image of the product which is much bigger than what it should be, this is a technique used to emphasis how important the product is.Although the 3rd ad does not include the product because the producers of the ad are confidant that this product is well known that people will h ave seen the previous ads are even be aware of what this ad is. Overall this advertisement follows the typical genre except for it portrays a dominant leading women in control where as women are normally dominated by men. My 3rd ad that I analyses was ‘D Fashion'. Conventionally there is a inter- inking narrative structure to the three ads in the campaign-this inter-connectivity is a key convention in most campaigns, tying their messages together, as one reinforces the messages of the other.The are connected through inter-linking characters similarity in backgrounds, similar iconography and a developing story that is acted out in three scenes. The dress codes vary from ad to ad as D&G put a verity of their own new line into the ad to advertise it. Conventionally this ad uses models who re associated with perfection. Attractive females/males are is typically used when advertising a product as it tends to attract more people to look at it.The technical codes used in the ad are c ommon when advertising a product, for example long shots are used to show a model wearing a dress so that it is obvious and clear to the audience to what is being advertised. There seems to be a dominating color code of Blue through out these 3 ads, the color blue is typical associated with winter which D&G is advertising their winter range of clothing. Unconventionally there is indirect ode of address which is unusual in a printed campaign.This ad also lacks slogans and specific product placement, like ‘Kylie Inverse ad' part 3, D&G are confident that their product is well known enough so that they do not have to place slogans and specific product all over. Gender roles again are switched round In this ad, women are dominating the men, controlling them taking over the entire add, the women rule in an extreme sexual game. Although this is very unconventionally in ads, D&G have made this conventional when it comes to their ad and people are aware of this.

How the integration of all the systems contribute to normal functioning Essay

All parts of the human body are extremely different and each one complex in the way in which they functioning. The integration of the eleven systems of the body are all essential for normal functioning and need interact to maintain a healthy body. An example of integration, is the respiratory system and the circulatory system. The respiratory system brakes down Oxygen (O) taken into the body. After this action has taken place, the Oxygen is then passed into the circulatory system to be transported around the body to provide cells with energy. This energy is called Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), without this energy the body and its functioning would fail. After Oxygen has been distributed around the body the waste product Carbon Dioxide (C02), is taken back to the respiratory system via the circulatory system to be excreted from the body. Another example of system integration is the relationship between the nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory system and reproduction system. The nervous system collects information from around the body and processes it to give a output action. Arousal of the sexual organs, detected by the nervous system triggers a hormonal release. The hormones, produced by the endocrine system in the testes and ovaries, travel through the circulatory system in the blood to the reproductive system. The two examples above show examples of Homoeostasis, which is the internal environment of the body which must kept balanced at all times. Should Homoeostasis fail or any of the body’s systems fail, temporarily or permanently, it can have consequences on the other systems in the human body. It can cause disturbance in the body functioning and can sometimes even result in death. Integration is absolutely essential for survival.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay

Introduction â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung ailment that is characterized by a persistent blockage of airflow from the lungs† ( World Health Organisation (WHO) website, nd). This report will examine the causes, symptoms and treatment of COPD. It will discuss current statistics on COPD and some of the current treatments available. Multiple sources were used including websites, leaflets and government documents. Over 440,000 people in Ireland are thought to have COPD ( Living with COPD website, nd). By 2020, it is predicted to be the third leading cause of death worldwide (Living with COPD website, 2013). A recent COPD audit in Europe discovered that 50% of sufferers will die or be readmitted to hospital within a 3 month period (Living with COPD website, 2013). Approximately 1400 people die every year from the condition (Oireachtas website, 2013). Ireland has one of the highest incidents of death in Europe from COPD (Living with COPD website, 2013). COPD is an irreversible lung disease which causes permanent lung damage. In COPD, the airflow to the lungs become narrower and blocked and breathing becomes difficult (COPD Support website, nd). COPD is an umbrella term for Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema (Living with COPD website, nd). Causes The single biggest cause of COPD is smoking. 80-90% of people with the condition have COPD due to smoking. (COPD Support website, 2009). Other causes are air pollution, exposure to fumes or dust particles at work, passive smoking, recurring respiratory infections in early life and a rare genetic disorder called Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute website, nd). Diagnosis and Symptoms A breathing test called Spirometry is used to diagnose COPD (COPD FOUNDATION Website, nd). The test measures how well a person breathes. In Ireland, access to Spirometry Tests is not available nationwide and tests must be carried out in hospital (Oireachtas website, 2013). Early diagnosis can greatly slow down the condition (National Health Service website, 2012). Often COPD is diagnosed after a person has an  exacerbation of the condition (American Thoracic website, nd). An exacerbation of COPD means the  symptoms have become more severe. It is generally caused by an infection in the lungs and hospitalisation is required which leads to diagnosis of the condition ( American Thoracic website, nd). Symptoms of COPD include wheezing, persistent cough with mucus that will not go away, breathlessness completing everyday tasks and difficulty taking deep breaths (American Lung Association website, nd). Symptoms typically start to emerge from the age of 40 years onwards (Living with Copd website, 2013). Long term complications associated with COPD include, weight loss and swallowing issues known as Dysphagia (Queensland Health and The Australian Lung Foundation, 2012). Swallowing issues can arise as the patient can often breathe when eating, which causes food to enter the lungs. This can lead to reflux, indigestion problems, difficulty in finishing meals and lung infections (Queensland Health and The Australian Lung Foundation, 2012). Stages There are 4 stages of COPD: Mild, Moderate , Severe and Very Severe (End Stage) (COPD International website, nd). Mild: The person may have slight breathlessness and may or may not have a cough but is unaware they have COPD (COPD International website, nd). Moderate: Breathlessness carrying out day to day tasks, may or may not have frequent cough with mucus. At this stage the condition is normally diagnosed  as symptoms become more severe (COPD International website, nd). Severe: COPD greatly affects the quality of life, physical activity is limited, exacerbations of COPD are much more frequent (COPD International website, nd). Very Severe/End Stage; At this stage oxygen is required continuously, any exertion at all is difficult. Chronic Respiratory Failure and/or Heart Failure and death occurs (Kenny,T 2011). This knowledge would enable a Healthcare Support Worker to identify the early signs of the condition, have an increased awareness of a patient with a persistent cough, frequent colds or chest infections and encourage the patient to seek medical help for a diagnosis. Treatments Stopping smoking is critical in treating COPD, as giving up smoking greatly prevents the condition worsening. Inhalers are generally used to control and relieve symptoms of COPD. Short-Acting Inhalers are used to alleviate breathlessness, Long-Acting Inhalers which work over 12 hours to relieve symptoms, and Steroid Inhalers also assist breathing (British Lung Foundation website, nd). Oxygen Therapy is used in severe COPD. Patients may require oxygen for day to day tasks, when sleeping or in some cases, 24 hours a day. Oxygen is available in tanks, liquid form or oxygen concentrators (COPD Support website, nd). Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes also plays a vital role in the treatment of COPD (Oireachtas website, 2013). In Ireland, programmes are normally ran over 20 sessions, with patients attending two to three times a week. Group numbers are limited to a maximum of 15 people. The programme consists of Exercise, Nutrition to increase fitness levels and Education to increase the patients awareness of the condition (Health Service Executive website, 2013). COPD patients have been shown to gain hugely from Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes, improving quality of life, reducing hospital admissions and increasing survival chances (Oireachtas website, 2013). A person with COPD uses 10 times the energy to breathe than a person without the condition. It is important to replace lost calories, maintain weight and also to protect the immune system against colds and flu’s (American Lung website, nd). Foods high in both energy, sugar and fat such as fried foods, full fat dairy products and readymade meals are recommended to encourage weight gain. However it is important that a healthy diet is also maintained (COPD Education website, nd). Supplement drinks are often recommended to increase calorie intake between meals. If swallowing issues occur, soft foods such as soups and stews are recommended and patients are encouraged to eat several smaller meals throughout the day (COPD Education website, nd). With this knowledge a HealthCare Worker would ensure that meals are small but nutritious at regular intervals . A HealthCare Support Worker would also consider how meals are prepared as softer, more manageable foods may be required. Conclusion This report has examined the causes, symptoms and treatments of COPD. This report discussed current statistics regarding the condition and some of the treatments available. From researching this report it is clear that more public awareness of COPD in Ireland is essential to highlight the link between COPD and smoking. COPD needs to feature strongly in Anti-smoking campaigns to promote this awareness, which would enable early diagnosis and treatment.